The patenting of South African software is the subject of much heated debate. While the concept has never having been examined by our judicial system, software patent applications are being granted by our Patent Office, writes Elaine de Beer.
Geraldine Fraser-Moleketi, the previous Minister for Public Service and Administration, recently described software patents as “an issue which poses a considerable threat to the growth of the African software sector”, adding that there had been “recent pressure by certain multinational corporations to file software patents in our national and regional patent offices”.
She maintained that “all of the current so-called developed countries built up their considerable software industries in the absence of software patents”. She said that for those same countries to insist on software patents now “is simply to place patents as barriers in front of newcomers”.
She considered that African software developers faced enough barriers without the introduction of artificial restrictions on what programmes they were and were not allowed to write.
Whereas free software and open standards are intended to be open and encourage competition, patents are exclusive and anti-competitive by their nature. Indeed, it is a common argument that when established multinational software companies register their extensive software patent portfolios in developing nations, they potentially destroy any competition from local software product developers.
However, the flip side to the coin is that these controversial software patents may well be the foundation on which local software companies can enter the global marketplace and compete with these established multinationals.
After all:
- these patents effectively provide a means for local software companies to play on the same turf as industry leaders such as Oracle and Adobe; and
- . a software patent often provides a start-up company with the traction to build their businesses as real competitors within the international arena.
Microsoft Corporation is one such company; one that has made extensive use of our patenting system, having patented more than 300 software-related inventions in South Africa.
Bill Gates, Microsoft’s founder and CEO, observes: “If people had understood how patents would be granted when most of today’s ideas were invented and had taken out patents, the industry would be at a complete standstill today. … The solution is patenting as much as we can. A future start-up with no patents of its own will be forced to pay whatever price the giants choose to impose. That price might be high. Established companies have an interest in excluding future competitors.”
Accordingly, as long as small start-up companies refrain from patenting their software inventions in South Africa, they are effectively leaving the playing field wide open for established corporations to obtain monopolies in those areas.
The South African Patents Act of 1978 currently excludes a “programmeme for a computer” from patentability. However, this exclusion applies only to the extent to which a patent or an application for a patent relates to software or a computer programmeme, as such. Therefore, an apparatus or a system for using software would not be excluded from patentability. Hence, a system or an apparatus used in a software-related invention does not necessarily contravene this software exclusion either.
Note, secondly, that the SA Patent Office is a so-called non-examining patent office. This means that the patent applications lodged with it are not subject to examination in terms of the invention’s patentability. It is therefore unlikely that a patent application directed to a computer programme will be rejected by the SA Patent Office.
What can happen in practice is that a South African patent directed to a software programme is challenged in court by third parties who, by their own volition, have determined that the patent is directed to un-patentable subject matter and wish to attack the validity of the patent on that basis.
However, there has not been any litigation on the patentability of software in South Africa to date, and there is therefore no clear indication of our courts’ likely interpretation of this section of the Patents Act. Indeed, the boundaries of computer software patentability are still to be determined in South Africa.
Substantial similarities nevertheless exist between our Patents Act and Britain’s Patents Act. Therefore, our courts may well turn to the decisions in Britain and Europe for guidance on South African software-related matters.
Instructively, the British Patents Act also generally excludes inventions that reside in programmes for computers “as such” from patentability.
Be that as it may, a consultation was recently initiated between the British Government via the Patent Office on whether patents should be granted for computer software in the UK. The British Government reaffirmed the principle that patents were for technological innovations. Software should not be patentable where there is no technological innovation, and technological innovations should not cease to be patentable merely because the innovation lies in software.
Therefore, software patents are not rejected outright in the UK; rather the technical effect or contribution provided by the computer programme forms the basis of an assessment of whether or not the invention is excluded from patent protection.
As we eagerly await a relevant South African court decision, several ways exist whereby the prohibition on computer software patentability can legitimately be circumvented.
The result would be a valid South Africa patent which is enforceable against and will provide a barrier to entry for multinational software companies in South Africa. Such a software patent may well place the local competitor on as near an equal footing with these multinational companies as they are ever likely to get.
Elaine de Beer is a Patent Agent at corporate law firm Bowman Gilfillan
