A new report from WAN-IFRA, Unlocking Journalism Resilience: Adapting a Digital Business Model to Promote Press Freedom, examines how news media companies in Kenya, South Africa, Uganda, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Egypt, Jordan, Palestine, Colombia, Ecuador and Mexico are experimenting with their revenues and adapting business models to safeguard press freedom.
Publishers globally are adapting to the digital present, yet even the most experienced practitioners are hard-pressed to define what constitutes sustainable and resilient business models. This new report from WAN-IFRA and author Clare Cook, researcher at the Media Innovation Studio, UK, responds to the challenges faced by media in politically and financially pressured environments, as they seek to be more resilient.
Knowing that innovation in newsrooms and financial sustainability go hand-in-hand, WAN-IFRA aims to address this in markets where media freedom is also under attack. This is a key element of WAN-IFRA’s strategic approach to supporting press freedom globally.
Challenges in repressed markets
The report delves deeper into the digital shift to explore business issues of media in repressed or flawed markets. To-date, little is known about their specific economic experiences while evidence of how revenue models adapt remains scant.
Despite this lack of research, business issues remain a major factor in the ability of media to contribute and impact their communities.
The report identifies how digital media face a particular set of challenges, including business pressures and restrictions. From the one side they tackle issues relating to online registration or high levels of taxation, and the other from added pressure of government controls on advertisers and government-controlled advertising agencies. Media are concerned about digital monetisation and distribution, as well as playing a balancing act with technology giants, Facebook and Google. Lack of data analysis, and a shortage of advertising revenues were cited as key problems.
These challenges are symptomatic both of new media and the new media operations of traditional media, and significantly frustrate the ability of these media to reach their audiences and establish financial sustainability.
Successful strategies for resilient business models
The report addresses this by offering a toolkit approach to the business challenges being faced by media. With the exception of South Africa, all media organisations included in the report operate in areas considered to be politically pressured according to the 2018 World Press Freedom Index, positioned in the lowest half of all countries globally as ranked on press freedom.
“The main focus is to understand the deep challenges and nuances of economic experiences for media in politically and financially pressured environments in their day-to-day business operations,” says the report. “It finds much experimentation around digital revenues in the effort to adapt to changing digital landscapes, however the amount of revenues being generated remain small in most cases. There was no one approach to revenues or the business operations but rather an acceptance that new models would emerge through an incremental process of adaptation and experimentation.”
The report explores the forces and factors – both external and internal – affecting digital business models against this backdrop. It draws out lived experiences around business considerations in four main areas:
- What networks or partnerships are forming and how they may assist business resilience
- How media are responding organisationally to business challenges
- What digital content strategies and production techniques are being developed
- The role of audience engagement in the digital model
It then focuses on the revenue model, drawing out workable options or successes in five main areas across classified advertising, advertising networks, display advertising, sponsored content and membership and subscription models.
The findings are based on data gathered between 2016 and 2018 under WAN-IFRA’s Strengthening Media and Society programme, financed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark to promote financial sustainability and professional practice in over 80 media globally. Qualitative data was gathered in three stages to draw the lens on the lived experiences of media in varying systems across multiple operations.
The sample highlighted by the report offers a range of media in terms of market environment, structures, maturity, outputs and digital media. Successful strategies have been drawn out and the hope is that scrutiny of practice may reveal more about resilient business models in a precarious and rapidly changing environment.
Key findings
Overall editors were developing more strategic thinking about business and revenues.
Steps were being taken to restructure teams for converged news business.
Publishers were drawing on formal and informal networks to strengthen their resilience in terms of knowledge sharing.
New revenue models were emerging through an incremental process of experimentation and adaptation.
Revenue models involved close adaptation to opportunities in the contextual economic environment.
Advertising pricing structures were adapted by fitting with the close economic context.
Four publishers had explored membership or subscription models.
Scalable opportunities exist around consortium-driven advertising networks.
Audience insights and analytics played an increasing part in deciding what stories to select and their editorial treatment.
Content decisions were made to reflect a positive impact in the community as well as a unique niche compared to other media operating in the same environment.
Several publishers had specified new projects that extended the user experience, for example by including either an event calendar with accompanying adverts or sponsored content.
Increase in engagement in social media platforms was in some cases organic, in others due to dedicated teams specifically recruited. Offline engagement strategies included meet and greets, exhibitions and events.
Audiences were notably passionate about social justice issues, matters of privacy, corruption and big crime and expressed themselves across platforms when such issues were covered.
This post is republished with the permission of WAN-IFRA. Download the full report here.
Andrew Heslop is director of press freedom at the World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers (WAN-IFRA).
